Morgan and Tyler - 1099 Words

The evolutionistic theory refers to the biological concept of progress and development. The theory states that organisms were meant to increase in complexity, and later on included cultural and social evolution by comparing primitive tribal groups to modern society, and studying how certain aspects in the tribal groups were repeated all over the continent. Edward B. Tylor and Lewis H. Morgan brought the term evolution to anthropology, which makes them crucial to the growth and improvement of anthropology. Morgan focused on building upon his theory of social evolution in which he made links between social and technological progress. He studied and emphasized the kinship relationships across various cultures and larger social†¦show more content†¦Edward Burnett Tylor was an Englishman who focused mainly on the development of religion but also studied human cultural development and Montesquieu’s three stages of savagery, barbarism and civilization. He also looked at moral qualities by focusing and comparing primitive people to civilization. Even though Tylor did not do any ethnographical field work or trust information from colonies or missionaries, he went on holidays to warm climates due to his sickness, where he then learnt and participated in different cultures and societies. He believed that people should appreciate new places and the view of different cultures. Tylor expanded on Montesquieu’s ideas and said the savagery time was the time when there was no technology or in other words, technology was considered as rocks or stone tools, and then he referred to barbarism as the time of agriculture and food production and finally, civilization which to him meant the invention of writing. Taylor also believed that civilization was a time of happiness and where moral qualities were built. Even though Tylor focused on aspects Morgan didn t in Montesquieu’s theory, he was mostly interested by religion and the evolution of it. He studied the origin of the religion and thought the belief in spirits and god had to be a universal response to universal experiences such as death, dreams and reflected images and said these concepts would form a dualityShow MoreRelatedA Report On The s Bedroom891 Words   |  4 Pages17-year-old son Tyler Scott who stated he was awakened at about 3:30 a.m. by a loud banging sound coming from his father’s and Ms. Everette’s bedroom. Tyler’s bedroom is across the hall from Officer Scott’s and Ms. Everette’s bedroom. Tyler stated he got out of bed to see what was happening in the house. Tyler stated he heard his father yell, â€Å"Get off me!† Tyler stated his father came out of the master bedroom while Ms. Everette was yelling at him. Officer Scott stood next to Tyler in the hallwayRead MoreR ivermore portfolio Essay1008 Words   |  5 PagesSolver) or use a commercial package. Concepts: performance evaluation with historical data, forecasting asset returns, portfolio choice with input uncertainty. Computer skills: development and/or use of a mean-variance optimizer Case Roberta Tyler consultants to several university investment offices around the country. She specializes in asset allocation studies. She has accumulated performance figures from a number of different university endowments, as well as information about the typicalRead MoreWorkplace Literacy and Effective Communication1270 Words   |  6 Pagesshould take care not to muddle the message. Dawn Josephson, president of Cameo Publications, states If you send out a sales letter that is filled with errors, youre losing credibility. You send the image that your company is careless (cited in Tyler, 2003, 87). Therefore, an indicator potentially leading to a loss of business and previously cited low morale. Establishing and maintaining credibility is not the only reason for effective communication and in our attempt to clarify this need;Read MoreEssay about Workplace Literacy and Effective Communication1253 Words   |  6 Pagesshould take care not to muddle the message. Dawn Josephson, president of Cameo Publications, states â€Å"If you send out a sales letter that is filled with errors, you’re losing credibility. You send the image that your company is careless† (cited in Tyler, 2003, 87). Therefore, an indicator potentially leading to a loss of business and previously cited low morale. Establishing and maintaining credibility is not the only reason for effective communication and in our attempt to clarify this need; theRead MoreCharles Darwins Evolutionary Theory1223 Words   |  5 Pagesthird stage- everyone else is a savage or barbarian. In addition to Spencer, we have also learned about Tyler and Morgan in class, in which they tried to make deductions about the variations in societal structures through one single deductive theory. Almost like how Auguste Comte thought there could be a single equation in explaining and predicting into how societies work, Tyler and Morgan thought there was a one single deductive theory to explain societies. Sir Walter Balwin Spencer went toRead MoreOmnivores Dilemma1260 Words   |  5 Pagesagricultural system. Foods would be sourced locally, from family farms such as Joel Salatins minor ecological rotation farm (Pollan 2009). Relationship Marketing is recommended, wherein a relationship would develop between consumers and local farmers (Morgan 1994). Such a localized food distribution system would reduce artificial costs as well as allow consumer to have full knowledge about what they are eating and what processes the food has gone through. This assumes that a small, local farmer will beRead MoreAreas that Could Be Improved and Avoided in Future Studies and Reports on Colorectal Health560 Words   |  3 PagesIn 2010 a study was published by Phyllis D. Morgan, Joshua Fogel, Indira D. Tyler, and John R. Jones titled Culturally Targeted Educational Intervention to Increase Colorectal Health Awareness among African Americans. This study will be examined following an objective critique of the research conducted and reported. This analysis will show areas that could be improved and avoided in future studies and reports. This study was conducted to increase colonoscopy screening for colorectal cancer (CRC)Read MorePrejudice in To Kill a Mockingbird by Harper Lee and in Maya Angelou Literature1145 Words   |  5 Pagesby Charles Drew (1945), the cellular phone by Henry T. Sampson (1971), the toilet by T. Elkins (1897), the dryer by G.T. Sampson (1862), the elevator by Alexander Miles (1867), the fire extinguisher by T. Marshall (1872), the gas mask by Garrett Morgan (1914), the typewriter by Burridge and Marshman (1885), and the list goes on. Prejudice confuses the past. â€Å"But the color of a negro’s skin makes him easily recognizable, makes him suspect, converts him into a defenseless target†(Black Boy 213)Read MoreGender Is A Black And White Topic1195 Words   |  5 Pagessurgery to create the appearance of the external genitals typical of the other anatomic sex† (Rathus et al., 2014, pg.161). In a study conducted by Morgan Stevens (2008), it was found that a sense of body-mind dissonance is the first recognition of a transgendered identity, which usually occurs early in childhood. One of the participants of this study, Tyler- a female transitioning to a male, explains his story. â€Å"At the time, I really didn’t know what was wrong with me. I just knew that I was born wrongRead MoreToronto Maple Leafs Contenders1337 Words   |  5 Pagescore; an ideal example of these drafts is Morgan Rielly. Drafted 5th overall in 2012, Morgan Rielly will give the Leafs everything they need to make the playoffs this season. O n January 1st, 2014, the Leafs acquired Tim Gleason, part of a trade that sent John- Michael Liles packing his bags and heading off to the Carolina Hurricanes. As a manager Nonis was clear to point out the Leafs possessed no shortage of â€Å"puck moving† defenseman in Jake Gardiner, Morgan Rielly, and Cody Franson. What they needed

Freedom Riders Speech - 788 Words

Before segregation ended, many people believed that it was best for everything and everyone if people were treated differently based on their race or ethnicity, but also many believed that segregation should end. Many of the people who thought it should end protested for equal rights. Because of the time period , it was a really big deal if you protested to end something that most people wanted and thought was the best idea anyone has ever had. Often people felt so intimidated by the people who wanted to end segregation that it eventually led to violence. In 1960, a group of brave people of a variety races came up with the idea of â€Å"Freedom Rides†. They knew the consequences of their cause, a 13 person group, protesting†¦show more content†¦Ã¢â‚¬Å"Student activists, white and black, were trained to expect Violence even though it frequently went against their instincts to protect themselves† (created equal). The way the nonviolent strategy worked and how they used the strategy is by not giving in to the other protestors. It wasn’t easy for the Freedom Riders to be hit , spit on and things like that and being told that you can’t do anything about it and you can’t defend yourself. The people The Freedom Riders not to fight back, didn’t believe in nonviolence either. The reason they had to do it was because even if the black people didn’t have every white person in the world , on their side, but the percentage that was on their side, would be gone in an instance if they fought Back. â€Å" The 1961 Freedom Rides sought to test a 1960 decision by the Supreme Court in Boynton v. Virginia that segregation of interstate transportation facilities, including bus terminals, was unconstitutional as well.† (history) The Freedom riders protested at different protests around the country , them doing that selflessly made a huge impact on a lot of people and places. Each time the freedom riders protested , they achieved more and more. â€Å"The first Freedom Ride took place on May 4, 1961 when seven blacks and six whites left Washington, D.C., on two public buses bound for the Deep South.† (core). The Freedom riders impacted many people’s beliefs and if they were afraid To stand upShow MoreRelatedDuring the Civil Rights Movement era there were many prominent figures and parties that challenged1100 Words   |  5 Pagesmany prominent figures and parties that challenged the nation to change societys views on racism. No other group challenged the accepted standards as much as the Freedom Riders. The Freedom Riders impact on political and social views influenced a drastic shift in the behaviors and thought of the Southern states. Many aspects of the Freedom Rides were influenced by the Journey of Reconciliation. The Journey of Reconciliation was comprised of a wide array of Caucasian and African American men of allRead MoreEssay on Freedom Riders1426 Words   |  6 PagesThe Freedom Riders were a group of college students and leaders of various racial equality organizations, both blacks and whites, which tested the law of integration for public transportation. The law was instated, but Alabama especially didn’t follow it. The Freedom Riders rode buses into the cities to see if the townspeople accepted or declined the new law. They in turn ended up beating, pummeling, and chasing the riders out of town with the white mobs. The Freedom Riders violently fought the segregationRead MoreEssay about Martin Luther King Jr and His Life907 Words   |  4 Pagesthink it refers to what happened on August 28th 1963, a hot summer day when a quarter of a million people showed up on the steps of the Lincoln memoria l. That day was the March on Washington for Jobs and Freedom, brought together by civil rights groups and religious groups at the time, king gave a speech to try and open the countries eyes about it. Just a year earlier, only 6.7% of African Americans were able to vote in the state of Mississippi. The goal of this event was to shed light on the politicalRead MorePersuasive Speech Outline Essay1117 Words   |  5 PagesPersuasive Speech Outline ALL 50 STATES SHOULD HAVE MANDATORY MOTORCYCLE HELMET LAWS TOPIC: Mandatory motorcycle helmet laws PURPOSE: To persuade the audience that all 50 states should enact and enforce a mandatory motorcycle helmet law. THESIS STATEMENT: Mandatory helmet laws save lives and dollars. INTRODUCTION ï‚ · ï‚ · ï‚ · Did you know that only 19 states and the District of Columbia have laws in place that require all motorcycle riders to wear a helmet? 19!? 28 states have laws coveringRead MoreAnalysis Of March By John Lewis861 Words   |  4 Pagesothers endure. Although he experienced many events in his life, John Lewis used those events to build himself religiously and help others. Receiving his first bible, Jim Lawson’s workshops, his decision not to go to college and Martin Luther King’s speech all helped him become who he is. One of Lewis’ earliest turning points in his life was when his uncle gave him his first bible. Lewis recalls, â€Å"Growing up, what I really wanted to be was a preacher. An uncle gave me a bible for Christmas when I wasRead MoreA Trip Through the Civil Rights Movement1057 Words   |  4 Pagespush forward. Secondly, here comes the Freedom Riders. The Freedom riders traveled down the south to protest the Jim Crow laws, and to request change. But this journey didnt sail smoothly. The Freedom riders faced hatred and violence along their way. White people would throw objects at the windows of the bus they were traveling on, and even went to extreme measures of setting the bus on fire. Even this nonviolent demonstration landed the freedom riders in jail. Fighting for equality wouldnt beRead MoreCivil Rights Movement of the 50s and 60s1425 Words   |  6 Pagesevent of the civil rights movement involved the Freedom Riders. This was a group of people that came from the north and entered the south to show support for desegregation. The Freedom Riders would board busses and attempt to reach New Orleans. The Freedom Riders were met with heavy opposition and time and time again they were beaten and arrested. The culminating event was when Martin Luther King Jr. flew to Montgomery to suppor t the Freedom Riders. King held a meeting at a church and the churchRead MoreEssay on The Civil Rights Movement1014 Words   |  5 Pagesand pursued by fellow activist leader E.D Nixon and soon led by King. During this time King’s house was bombed and he was later arrested. The Freedom Rides were journeys taken by Civil Rights activists on interstate buses into the segregated southern states of America. These were organized by the Congress of Racial Equality (CORE), the first Freedom Ride left Washington D.C. on May 4, 1961. Activists travelled to the highly segregated South and sought to integrate seating and desegregate bus terminalsRead MoreBy the late 1950s, the African American community was ready to fight for the major social change600 Words   |  3 Pagesact of protest. Some early forms of the sit-in movement were the Freedom Rides, which were developed to test a 1946 Supreme Court decision declaring that segregation on interstate transportation was unconstitutional.1 In 1947, the civil rights group known as the Congress of Racial Equality organized a Journey of Reconciliation, sending eight black men and eight white men on buses across the South. Beginning on April 9, 1947, the riders, which included Eugene Stanley from North Carolina AT UniversityRead MoreAfter slavery was abolished, African Americans never had the same rights as other U.S. citizens. In800 Words   |  4 Pagesgroup of Freedom Riders traveled on bus right after the Supreme Court outlawed segregation on public transportation. These Freedom Riders were attacked and beaten shortly after their first journey however. During this period, Dr. Martin Luther King Jr. was a strong advocate and preacher for civil rights. Dr. King was arrested multiple times for protesting without a permit in many states and one of the most remembered was in 1963 in Birmingham, Alabama. Mid 1963, President Kennedy gave his speech promising

Peer group influence free essay sample

Introduction: High school Students cluster inside the campus, regard as peer group. Belonging to a group derives satisfaction where it creates a feeling of general well-being in individual. Peer group has in one way or the other influenced the life of students both academically socially, morally, psychologically and otherwise. The peer group maybe a dominant factor to consider in academic achievement of students in school. Acceptance by the group depends on the conformity. The influence of peers can be both positive and negative. On the positive side, it can serve as an important incentive for adolescents to perform well in school. On the negative side, peer influence can lead to discipline problems and delinquent behaviors both inside and outside school. Thus, the values of peers can play an important role in students’ educational experiences and outcomes. Most education takes place on group situation. The group impact and influence on its members is so strong that it takes the group as a whole to support the learning process. On way of looking at influence is to consider students who are involved in school activities such as sports, drama, student council and other activities tend to do better in school; however it is important factor on the students who believe that education is valuable, that they tend to do better in school. This paper deals with the study on peer groups, on how to be aware not only of their role but also of the changes that might come up to the student, because of their influence. What kinds of friends do high school students have? Are their friends interested in learning and studying and in participating in social activities? Do they belong to a group that likes to indulge in risk-taking activities? Do their patterns of peer association change over the course of their enrollment in high school? These questions can be addressed by a series of questions appearing in the first and second follow-up surveys of NELS:88, in which students were asked to report on the importance they felt their friends placed on various activities or goals. Their responses are presented in figure 1. Figure 1. Percentage of students reporting that their friends consider it very imiportant to do the following things: 1990 and 1992 SOURCE: U. S. Department of Education, , National Education Longitudinal Study of 1988, First and Second Follow-Up Surveys. As the survey results show, most high school students had friends who cared about school learning and achievement. For example, in 1990, a majority of high school sophomores (81 percent) reported that their friends considered finishing high school very important. While about one-third of them (36 percent) thought that their friends valued studying, half or more reported that their friends placed high priority on attending class (58 percent), getting good grades (51 percent), and continuing education after high school (53 percent). Although this general pattern remained fairly stable after two years when most of these students were seniors, there were some differences. As seniors, these students perceived their friends as placing somewhat less emphasis on class attendance and good grades, but more on higher education than they did two years previously when they were sophomores. 4 While the majority of high school students reported having friends who cared about learning, some of them also said they had friends who were highly interested in social activities. In 1990, more than one-third (36 percent) of high school sophomores said that their friends considered it very important to be popular with their peers. About one fourth of the sophomores also described their friends as being very interested in playing sports (29 percent) and having a steady boyfriend or girlfriend (22 percent). These proportions, however, declined after two years, when the majority of the sophomores were seniors. In the senior year, for example, one-fifth of these students (21 percent) described their friends as being interested in playing sports, one-fourth of them (28 percent) thought that their friends were very interested in being popular with their peers, and less than one-sixth of them (16 percent) said their friends considered having a boyfriend or girlfriend very important. In 1992, a small proportion of sample members reported that they had friends who considered having sex, using drugs, and drinking very important. As shown in figure 1, one in every five sample members (21 percent) thought that having sex was very important to his or her friends. About 10 percent thought that their friends considered drinking very important and 3 percent responded that using drugs was very important to their friends. The influence of these friends on an adolescents school learning would be an important topic for researchers to pursue in the future. Peer Groups According to Students Demographic and Academic Characteristics Do male and female students differ in their choice of friends in high school? Do students from different social and racial-ethnic backgrounds have different kinds of friends? Do academically oriented students associate with like-minded peers? The following analyses address these questions. To simplify the analyses, factor analysis was first conducted on the items shown in figure 1 separately for both the 1990 and 1992 data (see the technical appendix of this report for the actual factor loading). A series of bivariate analyses were then performed to compare students from different demographic and academic backgrounds in terms of their peer association. Peer groups. Three factors emerged from this factor analysis, each corresponding to a distinctive value students perceived their friends to have (table 1). The first factor, seen in both the 1990 and 1992 data, consisted of the items relating to the degree of importance students friends placed on school learning. The second factor, also seen in both surveys, consisted of items that described the degree of importance students friends placed on social activities. The third factor, based only on 1992 data, included items that measured the extent to which students friends placed importance on engaging in delinquent behaviors. Each factor described the kinds of friends students had in high schooli. e. , learning-oriented peers, socially active peers, and those oriented toward delinquent activities. All three factors were continuous standardized variables, with a mean of 0 and standard deviation of 1 on the sample used in the study. When a student had a higher score on a particular factor (e. g. , factor I), this indicates that his or her friends valued more these things summarized by this factor (e. g. , school learning). Students could also have friends that valued more than one factor (e. g. , socializing and academics. Table 1. Peer groups identified by NELS follow-up data in 1990 and 1992 Factor Students friends emphasizing I School learing and achievement (in 1990 and 1992 data) Attending class regularly Studying Getting good grades Finishing high school Continuing education after high school II Social activities (in 1990 and 1992 data) Playing sports Being popular with students Having a steady boy/girlfriend III Engaging in delinquent activities (only in 1992 data) Having sexual relations Using drugs Drinking SOURCE: U. S. Department of Education, , National Education Longitudinal Study of 1988, First and Second Follow-Up Surveys. Male versus female students. Male and female students differed with respect to the value orientations of their friends. As shown in table 2, in 1990, male students were more likely than their female counterparts to have friends who took school learning seriously (i. e. , the factor mean for females is 0. 16, larger than that of-0. 12 for males). Males, on the other hand, were more likely than females to associate with peers who placed emphasis on social activities. Two years later (1992), these gender differences changed little. Male and female students also differed in the extent to which they associated with another type of friendi. e. , one who valued engaging in delinquent behaviors. Based on the 1992 data, male students were more likely than female students to report that they had friends who considered it important to engage in delinquent behaviors. 5 Table 2. Importance that students friends place on school learning, social activities, and engaging in delinquent behaviors, by student demographic and academic characteristics: 1990 and 1992 SOURCE: U. S. Department of Education, , National Education Longitudinal Study of 1988, First and Second Follow-Up Surveys. Minority versus white students. In both 1990 and 1992, Asian/Pacific Islander students were more likely than white students to report having learning-oriented friends. On the other hand, Asian/Pacific Islander students were less likely than their white peers to have friends who were interested in sex, drugs, and drinking. This finding is consistent with a recent study conducted by researchers from Stanford University and the University of Wisconsin that found that Asian-American students tend to form academically focused groups that study together, encourage each other, and strive for high grades (Leslie 1996). Contrary to past research that has hypothesized a disidentification with academic achievement among black students (Steele 1992), 10th-grade black students in 1990 were more likely than white students to describe their friends as being academically minded (i. e. , the factor mean for black students is 0. 24, compared to -0. 02 for whites). This difference, however, was not apparent after two years (1992). 6 Black students in 1992 were less likely than their white counterparts to describe their friends as being interested in engaging in delinquent behaviors. 7 Previous studies indicated that black students tend to disdain academic accomplishment, sometimes dismissing it as acting white (Ogbu 1985). Whether this explains the change observed here needs further investigation, however. In both the 1990 and 1992 surveys, no differences were found between Hispanic or American Indian/Alaskan Native students and their white counterparts in the extent to which they associated with learning-oriented friends. While Hispanic 10th-graders were less likely than white students to have friends who emphasized social activities, no other differences were found between minorities and whites in the association with such friends. Students from different socioeconomic backgrounds. Students from high-SES families were more likely than low-SES students to have friends who emphasized school learning and achievement. This pattern appeared to be quite stable throughout the high school years and is consistent with previous findings by Coleman ( 1961 ) and Hollingshead (1949). Interestingly, students with different SES backgrounds did not differ significantly in terms of their association with peers who emphasized social activities or engaging in delinquent behaviors. Students from different academic backgrounds. There is reason to believe that students who care about learning are more likely to associate with peers who share this interest than those who have less interest in learning. This belief is supported by the data shown in the lower panel of table 2, where three measures of academic background were examined: (1) educational expectations in the 10th grade; (2) average GPA in reading, mathematics, science, and social studies from the 9th to 10th grades; and (3) whether a student had ever repeated a grade since the first grade. As expected, students who had higher educational expectations, obtained a higher GPA, and had never repeated a grade were more likely to have learning-oriented friends throughout high school years than those who had lower expectations, had a lower GPA, or had been retained in a grade. Differences were especially large between students who expected to pursue college or graduate education and those who expected only high school graduation and between students who had an A average and those who had a D average. Academically strong students were less likely than their academically weak counterparts to have friends who valued delinquent behaviors. However, few differences existed in terms of students association with peers who were interested in social activities. This suggests that while students with different academic backgrounds distinctively chose friends who cared about (or did not care about) learning, or who thought engaging (or not engaging) in delinquent behaviors important, they equally liked (or did not like) to have friends who were fond of social activities. How Does Students Peer Association Relate to Their Educational Outcomes? What are the educational outcomes for students who associate with learning-oriented friends, socially active peers, or peers who think having sex, using drugs, and drinking are very important? Table 3 presents an answer to this question. Six educational outcomes were examined in this investigation: (1) reading proficiency level in the 12th grade; (2) math proficiency level in the 12th grade; (3) dropping out of school at least once between 9th and 12th grade; (4) enrollment in an academic program in high school; (5) high school graduation status in 1994; and (6) postsecondary education attendance in 1994. Since students gender, race-ethnicity, and SES were related to the kinds of friends they chose (see table 2), and it is also well known that these demographic characteristics are correlated with the set of educational outcomes examined here, these relationships were investigated after adjusting for these student characteristics. 8 For reading and mathematics proficiency level in 12th grade, a composite score of 10th-grade achievement in reading, mathematics, science, and social studies was also included for additional adjustment. 9 As shown in table 3, while students association with socially active peers seemed to be unrelated to their educational outcomes, their association with learning-oriented or delinquent-type peers did relate to their success in school. For example, compared with students with friends who showed a relatively low level of interest in learning, those with friends who cared most about school learning were less likely to drop out of school, and more likely to be enrolled in an academic program, to reach an advanced level of reading and math proficiency during their last year of high school, to graduate from high school, and to continue their education after high school. Students with friends who placed importance on pursuing sex, drugs, and drinking differed markedly in terms of their educational performance. For instance, students association with more such friends was related to a higher rate of dropping out of school, a lower rate of being enrolled in an academic program in high school, graduating from high school, and continuing their education after high school. It should be noted that all of these relationships were estimated after controlling for students SES, race-ethnicity, and gender, and that for reading and mathematics proficiency, the estimation also controlled for 10th-grade achievement. Summary and Implication for Future Research The results presented in this report suggested that high school students differed significantly in their choice of friends. Some students had friends who were concerned with school learning and achievement. Some had friends who valued dating, playing sports, or being popular with their peers. A smaller proportion liked to associate with those who were interested in having sex, using drugs, and drinking. The results presented in this report further demonstrated that the kinds of friends students had in high school were related to a wide range of important educational outcomes, after holding constant important demographic characteristics and previous academic achievement. Although it remains unclear at this point whether peer association had a causal and independent influence on students learning, the results of this study clearly suggested that students who had more learning-oriented friends tended to perform better in school than other students over the course of their schooling, and students who spent time with those interested in delinquent activities were less likely to experience success in school. Based upon these results, future research may pursue: (1) identifying factors related to students choice of friends; (2) incorporating school characteristics to explore whether students attending different types of schools associate with different kinds of peers; and (3) investigating the effect of peer associations on students learning and other important educational indicators, such as course-taking behavior or dropping out of school. References Coleman, J. S. (1961). The Adolescent Society. New York: The Free Press. Epstein, J. L. and Karweit, N. (1983). Friends in Schools:Patterns of Selection and Influence in Secondary Schools. New York, Academic Press. Hollingshead, A. B. (1949). Elmtowns Youth. New York: Wiley. Ingels, S. J. , Scott, L. A. , Lindmark, J. T. , Frankel, M. R. , and Myers, S. L. (1992). NELS:88 First Follow-Up: Student Component Data File Users Manual. NCES 92-030. Washington, DC: U. S. Department of Education, Office of Educational Research and Improvement. Leslie, C. (1996). Will Johnny Get As? Newsweek 72 (July 8). Ogbu, J. U. (1985). The Consequences of the American Caste System. In The School Achievement of Minority Children. New Perspectives, ed. V. Neisser. Hillsdale, NJ: Erlbaum, 19-56. Steele, C. M. (April 1992). Race and Schooling of Black Americans. Atlantic Monthly, 68-78 A sorority is an association composed of women who have common interests or who share a common trait. One of the most famous types is the North American college sorority, although similar college groups can be found in other regions of the world as well. Women can also form social associations outside of the college framework. The primary goal of such groups is to create a bond among the women through their common membership. Though these associations are typically composed only of women, some do allow men to join. In college sororities, prospective members usually attend events during a period early in the semester that is designated as â€Å"rush week. † During rush week, people can visit different groups to get a feel for each ones members and style. If a student wants to join, she submits an application, and the existing members vote on the applications at the end of rush week, using their interactions with prospective members as a guideline. Many also have academic requirements, such as a minimum grade point average. Once accepted into the group, new members undergo initiation to become full members. Initiations at sororities and fraternities are infamous, and some colleges have enacted rules designed to protect student safety in initiations. Dangerous hazing activities are often explicitly banned, and pledges are informed that they have the right to refuse to participate in initiation activities that conflict with their safety or religious beliefs. Despite this, initiation can be dangerous or traumatizing for some initiates. Many college fraternities are established with academic criteria for membership. People who wish to join typically participate in activities that take place over the course of a week at the start of a semester. Since most colleges with a system have multiple fraternities, these events usually take place during the same week for all groups, allowing people to explore all their options. This period is known as â€Å"rush week. † After rush week, current members of the fraternity decide which new members should be voted in. Traditionally, new pledges participate in an initiation ceremony that has historically been accompanied by hazing challenges. Due to concerns about the risks of hazing that involve dangerous activities and drinking, many colleges have explicitly banned it in the interest of student safety. Some colleges have also cracked down on fraternity parties in response to complaints from other students and the surrounding community.

The Boys from Brazil Essay Example

The Boys from Brazil Essay The boys from Brazil| Written by Ira levin | A horrible plan is devised by former Nazi doctor Joseph Mengele. Journalist Yakov Lieberman, Jewish journalist, and Nazi hunter, discovers the plans of Mengele. His plan is to kill the fathers of the 94 boys, who are made by Joseph Mengele himself by cloning the DNA of Adolf Hitler. The two hunt each other, which comes to a climax at the home of one of the children, namely family Wheelock. Mengele’s experiment is about making clones of Adolf Hitler himself, and with this terrifying plan, Joseph Mengele would like to take over the world with clones of Hitler.My research question: Is Mengele able to dominate the world by using clones of Hitler? The question now is what does Mengele want to achieve? First, Joseph Mengele is an old Nazi-doctor, who worked in a concentration camp in Auschwitz during the second world war. Mengele wants to take over the world, making a fourth Reich, with the goal to continue the ideas of Hitler. The ideas are that the world has to be inhabited by people who do not have any deviations. This is based on the relieve that Mengele and his comrades see the German people as the purest and most beautiful race on earth, and what needs to be brought back.The way in which Mengele wants to achieve this goal is complicated. He wants to get his hands on the world, by cloning the genetic material of Adolf Hitler in 94 boys . The boys arise and live in a simulated environment, where their parents have the same jobs as Hitler’s parents did have. Mengele thinks this will increase the chance for the arise of the new Hitler. But why this way? First by using of clones, the offspring who has the same genetic characteristics as the cruel dictator.The idea is that when you have the same DNA, you are identical and to your predecessor, with the same characteristics. Second, during the reign of the Nazis, Hitler won the votes of the people by praising them. He impressed the people by telling them they w ere strong and said tha other people made the Germans worse, he created a perfect situation to come to power. Mengele wants to achieve a Fourth Reich in exactly the same way, therefore he needs a descendant of Hitler. The murders all took place under conditions and with a reason.The gruesome plan of Mengele now is to murder the fathers of the boys at the time the boys are 12 years old, because Hitler lost his father at the same age, according to Mengele this moment in Hitler’s life would have been decisive for the development of the beast in him. Lieberman discovers Mengele’s plan , and he immediately takes action. This story takes place in 1976, almost 30 years after the Second World War. After the war, Joseph Mengele fled to Brazil and adopted a different name. Because Mengele is underground, he is free to free put his plan into practice.Namely the people all over the world think that Joseph Mengele no longer exists, that the Nazi regime was ousted, and gone forever, so they thought they did not have to worry about a new rise of the Nazi regime. But will Mengele’s plan succeed? Mengele will not able to take power in this way, and I will explain why not. First, Mengele is chasing Lieberman, because Lieberman has discovered the plan of Mengele to kill a next victim, Mr. Henry Wheelock. Lieberman is doing everything to prevent this murder. But Mengele spied Liebermann and knows to visit Wheelock earlier.When Mengele is trying to persuade and cajole the son of Mr. Wheelock, by saying that he is a descendant of Hitler and he is the greatest, he gets an unexpected answer: â€Å"Who are my parents? He challenged ‘Who am I? ’ â€Å"Your father is Adolf Hitler† â€Å"You know what? † the boy said. â€Å"You are the biggest nut I have ever met! † The son of Wheelocks has been to school and had lessons in History. He knows better than to believe just a strange guy. The son did not think about the possibility of re combination techniques. If even one child says its an idiot plan, it says enough. Everyone is conviced Mengele is crazy.Second, the plan is a big gamble. It is impossible to create a cruel person like Hitler by cloning his DNA and raise the boys in slightly similar conditions. It is impossible to form a new leader. That Hitler developed such radical ideas was a combination of character, living conditions and social events, such as the economy of Germany and the First world war. It is simply impossible to replicate the conditions and therefore it will not be possible to create a new Hitler as Mengele tells himself. Mengele thinks because genetic material is present in the boys, they start acting like Hitler.But what it important is that genes do not control the mind. The boys will not get extreme ideas only by the genes. Even if they were not told what happened to their genetics and that their fathers were murdered. The main character of the book, Yakov Liebermann is a survivor of th e concentration camps and knows the infamous Joseph Mengele. He also knows what happened with twins in Auschwitz, and what role Mengele has played in it. Lieberman will do everything to stop Mengele to perform his horrible plans for he learned from history. He does everything to thwart the plans, so that history cannot repeat itself.Finally, everyone in the world has learned from the Second World War except Mengele. However, that Mengele comes up with this plan to the lines of Hitler and this strategy again, this but will never work. It is not possible to grasp the way Hitler did, namely power winning over and then make afraid. After the war there are innovations, more control and intelligence which make it all that much harder. It seems like Mengele played the role of the famous wizard Catweazle, who also suddenly comes into the modern era and has to deal with major changes.Mengele does not realize that the world has changed, that the world has learned from the horrors that have h appened. Mengele didn’t learn from the mistakes, and now he made a mistake again. Conclusion The conclusion is that in addition to DNA, there are other factors in the formation of someones personality. The plan was good, but he was too naive like to forget what happened in the past. He only thinks about his target, is concentrated too much, and lost the conspectus. Mengele is a dedicated man, but his plan would not work, that is clear.He has everything figured out, but he did not think about the opponents. The story is exciting and it draws you into the story quickly. But the points that make the story and the plan of Mengele are clearly difficult to get out. Furthermore, the book is well written with many exciting pieces that make you think, like why Mengele now need exactly the clones? Very interesting for a discussion, for instance. I must say that the story is very good, exactly what I expected of it. Sources: The boys from Brazil by Ira Levin. life of Hitler: http://nl . wikipedia. org/wiki/Adolf_Hitler.